The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was the strongest of the states that split apart from the once glorious Islamic civilization. By the mid 1400s the Ottoman Empire was in control of much of the Anatolian peninsula and ventured deep into southeaster Europe, controlling a large Christian population. Later, the Ottoman Empire expanded to the coasts of North Africa, much of the Middle East, as well as the lands around the Black Sea. All this said, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in world history. This empire showed the dominance of the Turks over the Arabs. 

The Empire represented a change in power, as the Turks defeated the Christian Byzantines at Constantinople in 1453. They were to be the world's next dominant power after the Roman Empire.

However, east of the Ottoman Empire, another state from the original Persian Empire was gaining power, the Safavid Empire. The Safavid Empire's long term  decision was to follow a Shia version of Islam. Over time, this gained support, and defined the identity of the Persian culture.